Sometimes linear, sometimes circular: States of the economy and transitions to the future

A common thread in the circular economy literature is linear–circular contrast. This study shows that has always been a mix of and linear applications but varying proportions. Furthermore, scrutiny emblematic examples both reveals misconceptions enriches extant knowledge frameworks their relationship. also explains which aspects encourage an to lean towards either or (i.e., profit, scarcity, circumstances, business opportunities), why should be circular, factors (e.g., redundancy, overproduction, fast consumption) prevent systematic application practices by favouring throwaway society. The lock-ins/systemic path-dependent forces underpin perpetuate are analysed together with effects on economic system. Finally, this considers three pathways named ‘lessening’, ‘sharing’ ‘valorising’ for diffusion solutions disarticulation linear-economy drivers.